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Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

4.0K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
4.0K
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

2.6K
One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
2.6K
Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

9.2K
Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
9.2K
Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

4.0K
One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
4.0K
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

7.5K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
7.5K
Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation02:34

Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation

18.0K
Introduction
Alkynes can be prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide in liquid ammonia. The reaction proceeds with the loss of two equivalents of hydrogen halide (HX) via two successive E2 elimination reactions.
18.0K

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Related Experiment Video

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Forming Giant-sized Polymersomes Using Gel-assisted Rehydration
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Forming Giant-sized Polymersomes Using Gel-assisted Rehydration

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Polymersomes: Preparation and Characterization.

Yumiao Hu1,2, Liyan Qiu3,4

  • 1Ministry of Educational (MOE) Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|June 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This chapter details methods for preparing and characterizing polymersomes (polymeric vesicles), focusing on their use in nanopharmaceuticals. It compares techniques to aid researchers in selecting optimal experimental approaches for these complex nanostructures.

Keywords:
Amphiphilic copolymersLight scatteringMicroscopyMorphologyPolymersomeSelf-assembly

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Polymersomes, or polymeric vesicles, are self-assembled nanostructures formed by amphiphilic copolymers.
  • They are increasingly recognized for their potential as nanocarriers in pharmaceutical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically introduce and compare various methods for preparing and characterizing polymersomes.
  • To provide guidance for researchers in selecting appropriate experimental techniques.
  • To highlight challenges and future directions in polymersome research.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of established polymersome preparation techniques.
  • Discussion of characterization methods for assessing polymersome properties.
  • Comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches.

Main Results:

  • A systematic review of polymersome preparation and characterization methods is presented.
  • Comparative analysis aids in selecting optimal experimental protocols.
  • Identified limitations in current methods for complex polymersomes.

Conclusions:

  • Effective methods for polymersome preparation and characterization exist, but challenges remain.
  • Development of novel tools is needed for precise characterization of complex nanostructures like multilayer polymersomes.
  • Further advancements are required to fully harness polymersomes for nanopharmaceutical applications.