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Area of Science:

  • Seismology
  • Earthquake rupture dynamics
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Debate exists on whether earthquakes of varying magnitudes are distinguishable early in their rupture process.
  • Some studies suggest early seismic energy frequency content scales with magnitude, implying determinism.
  • Other research indicates indistinguishable ground displacement recordings for small to moderate earthquakes, suggesting a universal early rupture process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if and when earthquakes of different sizes become distinguishable during their rupture process.
  • To investigate the role of slip pulse organization and kinematic properties in earthquake magnitude scaling.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a database of earthquake source time functions.
  • Examination of near-source ground displacement records.
  • Characterization of rupture organization into slip pulses and their kinematic properties.

Main Results:

  • After an initial phase (approximately 10 seconds), earthquake ruptures organize into a slip pulse.
  • The kinematic properties of these slip pulses scale with earthquake magnitude for M7 to M9 events.
  • This scaling indicates that large and very large earthquakes become distinguishable early in their rupture process.

Conclusions:

  • Earthquake ruptures exhibit magnitude-dependent organization after an initial initiation phase.
  • The slip pulse characteristics provide a mechanism for distinguishing large earthquakes shortly after rupture initiation.
  • Findings support a degree of determinism in the early rupture process of large earthquakes.