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Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

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The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
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A Faraday disk dynamo is a DC generator, producing an emf that is constant in time. It consists of a conducting disk that rotates with a constant angular velocity in the magnetic field, perpendicular to the disk's plane. The rotation of the disk causes a change in magnetic flux, which induces an emf, causing opposite charges to develop on the rim and in the center of the disk. The polarity of the induced emf can be determined by the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the...
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The simplest case of a surface charge distribution is the uniformly charged disk. Calculating its electric field also helps us calculate the electric field of a large plane of charge.
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Vertical curves are essential in roadway design because they provide smooth transitions between varying roadway grades. Designing vertical curves involves calculating intermediate elevations and identifying the curve's highest or lowest point, which is essential for optimal roadway performance.Intermediate elevations on a vertical curve are determined using the tangent offset method. This method considers the initial elevation at the start of the curve, the grades, and the curve's geometry. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure
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A child with unilateral disk elevation.

Danny A Mammo1, Polly A Quiram2, Michael S Lee1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

Survey of Ophthalmology
|June 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium caused optic nerve swelling in a child. This optic nerve tumor diagnosis was confirmed by advanced imaging techniques.

Keywords:
combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epitheliumocular oncologyoptical coherence tomographypseudopapilledema

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Pediatric Optometry

Background:

  • Unilateral optic nerve swelling in children necessitates a thorough differential diagnosis.
  • Routine eye exams can detect subtle optic nerve abnormalities early.

Observation:

  • A healthy 7-year-old girl presented with unilateral optic nerve swelling.
  • Initial workup was inconclusive, but vision decreased years later with developing preretinal tissue and optic nerve lesions.

Findings:

  • Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography revealed inner retinal distortion, epiretinal membrane, and high reflectivity.
  • Clinical examination and imaging confirmed a diagnosis of combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium.

Implications:

  • Combined hamartoma can present insidiously, requiring long-term monitoring.
  • Advanced imaging is crucial for diagnosing rare optic nerve conditions in pediatric patients.