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EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

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EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
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Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

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Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen...
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Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents01:13

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents

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Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the carboxylation of Grignard reagents (RMgX). This method is convenient for converting alkyl (primary, secondary or tertiary), vinyl, benzyl, and aryl halides to carboxylic acids with one additional carbon than the starting RMgX.
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
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Concentration Cells02:41

Concentration Cells

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
Consider the following voltaic cell:
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Standardized Modular Assembly of Polycistronic Operons with Modular Cloning (MoClo) using the In-Cloning toolkit
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Modular activatable bioorthogonal reagents.

Pratik Kumar1, Scott T Laughlin2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.

Methods in Enzymology
|June 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed modular caged cyclopropenes for controllable bioorthogonal reactions. These reagents offer tunable activation via light, enzymes, or biomolecules, expanding the bioorthogonal toolbox.

Keywords:
3-N cyclopropenesBioorthogonal reactionsCaged cyclopropenesEnzyme cageEnzyme-activatable bioorthogonal reactionsLight-activatable bioorthogonal reactionsPhotocageSpatiotemporal control of bioorthogonal reactions

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Biology
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • The bioorthogonal reaction toolbox comprises numerous chemistries for selective biomolecule tagging.
  • Existing bioorthogonal reagents are optimized for speed and fluorescence, but temporal and spatial control remains limited.
  • Activatable bioorthogonal reagents are often unimodal, restricting activation methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize existing activatable bioorthogonal reagents.
  • To introduce modular caged cyclopropenes as a novel class of activatable bioorthogonal reagents.
  • To highlight the versatility of caged cyclopropenes for controlled bioorthogonal reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Design and synthesis of modular caged cyclopropenes with a 3-N cyclopropene scaffold.
  • Incorporation of caging groups (photo-, enzyme-, metabolic-responsive) via carbamate linkage.
  • Demonstration of controlled activation by light, enzymes, and biomolecular triggers.

Main Results:

  • Caged cyclopropenes exhibit minimal reactivity until cage removal.
  • The 3-N cyclopropene system allows modular caging and diverse activation strategies.
  • Demonstrated potential for activation by light, enzymes, and specific ions/byproducts (e.g., H2O2, Fe3+).

Conclusions:

  • Modular caged cyclopropenes represent a significant advancement in activatable bioorthogonal chemistry.
  • This new scaffold offers unprecedented control over bioorthogonal reaction timing and location.
  • The system is adaptable for various biological applications requiring precise molecular labeling.