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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Genetic Variant Detection in the CALR gene using High Resolution Melting Analysis
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Phase Separation as a Melting Pot for DNA Repeats.

Amanda C Hall1, Lauren A Ostrowski1, Karim Mekhail2

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ONT, M5G 1M1, Canada.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|June 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Macromolecular phase separation influences repetitive DNA elements and nuclear organization. This impacts crucial cellular functions like gene expression and DNA repair, affecting health and diseases such as cancer.

Keywords:
agingcancerneurodegenerationphase separationrepetitive DNAribosomal DNA

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Genome stability and expression rely on managing repetitive DNA and nuclear organization.
  • Macromolecular phase separation is a key regulatory mechanism in biological pathways.
  • Understanding the interplay between these elements is crucial for cellular health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings on the intersection of phase separation, repetitive DNA, and nuclear compartments.
  • To highlight how these interactions influence fundamental biological processes.
  • To connect these mechanisms to diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies.
  • Synthesis of research on phase separation and repetitive DNA elements.
  • Analysis of findings related to nuclear compartmentalization.

Main Results:

  • Phase separation critically modulates repetitive DNA elements and nuclear organization.
  • These interactions directly affect gene expression, DNA repair, and cellular lifespan.
  • Dysregulation is implicated in diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Phase separation is a central regulator of genome stability and expression through repetitive DNA and nuclear compartments.
  • This mechanism plays a significant role in both normal cellular function and disease pathogenesis.
  • Further research into these intersections may reveal novel therapeutic targets for diseases.