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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
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Germ cell reprogramming.

Kazuki Kurimoto1, Mitinori Saitou2

  • 1Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|June 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenome reprogramming in germ cells is crucial for the next generation. New genomic technologies reveal detailed insights into DNA demethylation, chromatin remodeling, and unique epigenetic states during gametogenesis.

Keywords:
Chromatin remodelingDNA methylationHistone modificationImprintIn vitro gametogenesisPGCLCsSingle-cell genomics

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Germ cell development requires precise epigenome reprogramming.
  • In vitro derivation of germ cells from pluripotent stem cells offers new research avenues.
  • Low-input and single-cell genomics enable detailed epigenome analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate epigenome dynamics during germ cell development and differentiation.
  • To understand the molecular mechanisms of epigenome reprogramming in germ cells.
  • To evaluate the role of epigenetics in in vitro gametogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Pluripotent stem cell derivation and differentiation.
  • In vitro germ cell culture and aggregation with somatic cells.
  • Low-input and single-cell genomics techniques.

Main Results:

  • Detailed characterization of chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation.
  • Identification of progressive DNA demethylation and its link to histone marks.
  • Discovery of unique epigenomes in oogenesis and sperm genome organization.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenome reprogramming is essential for germ cell development and gametogenesis.
  • Advanced genomic technologies provide unprecedented insights into germ cell epigenetics.
  • Epigenome analysis is critical for assessing the quality of in vitro gametogenesis.