Molecularly imprinted graphite spray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry: application to trace analysis of the...

A porous graphite sheet modified by a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was directly used as the spray ionization source for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Therefore, it was possible to selectively analyze samples extracted by the molecularly imprinted polymer. This obviates the need for the steps of elution, solvent evaporation, dissolution and injection. To prepare the sheet, the graphite surface was first modified by electrodeposition of a molecularly imprinted polypyrrole film. This polypyrrole film was fabricated in a three-electrode electrochemical system using cyclic voltammetry. The electropolymerization of the graphite sheet was carried out with LiClO₄ as a supporting electrolyte in the reaction solution. The effects of the amount of monomer, the level of template concentrations, and the time of polymerization on the extraction efficiency of the MIP film were evaluated. The extraction conditions including extraction time, the extraction temperature, the pH values, the salt concentrations, and the stirring rate were also studied. Methanol was selected as the most suitable solvent for both desorption and ionization which occur simultaneously. The pesticide propoxur (acting as a test compound) was extracted from water samples and directly analyzed using IMS. The analytical parameters (working range: 1.0 to 250 ng·mL^-1; detection limit: 0.3 ng·mL^-1) indicated that the direct coupling of MIP and IMS has a great potential in terms of reproducibility, and speed of the analysis, while maintaining acceptable sensitivity. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of molecularly imprinted graphite spray ionization coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for rapid/selective extraction and ionization: Application to the pre-concentration of propoxur prior to its quantification by IMS.