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Related Concept Videos

Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR01:16

Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR

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Many organic, inorganic, and biological molecules contain spin-half nuclei such as nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, and phosphorus-31. As a result, NMR studies of these nuclei have found extensive applications in chemical and biological research.
While fluorine-19 and phosphorous-31 have high natural abundances (100%) and positive gyromagnetic ratios, nitrogen-15 has a low natural abundance and a negative gyromagnetic ratio. However, nitrogen-15 is still preferred over nitrogen-14 (which has a...
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...
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Kidney Transplant I: Introduction01:28

Kidney Transplant I: Introduction

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A kidney transplant is a surgical approach that involves replacing a non-functioning kidney with a healthy one from a donor. This procedure is often a treatment option for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The method requires careful recipient selection, including evaluating various medical and psychosocial factors. These criteria vary between transplant centers but generally include assessments of the patient's overall health, adherence to medical recommendations, and lifestyle...
362
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

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The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Intraoperative Gastroscopy for Tumor Localization in Laparoscopic Surgery for Gastric Adenocarcinoma
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[Horseshoe kidney tumor laparoscopic surgery. First 19 cases].

A D Kochkin1,2,3,4,5,6,7, E A Gallyamov1,2,3,4,5,6,7, V L Medvedev1,2,3,4,5,6,7

  • 1) PRMU of Minzdrav of Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.

Urologiia (Moscow, Russia : 1999)
|June 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Laparoscopic surgery is effective and safe for treating renal cell cancer (RCC) in horseshoe kidney (HSK). This study presents the largest published experience, showing no major complications or recurrence in 19 patients.

Keywords:
RCCheminephrectomyhorseshoe kidney tumorlaparoscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is the most common congenital upper urinary tract anomaly.
  • Renal cell cancer (RCC) in HSK is rare, with fewer than 200 cases reported by 2012.
  • Laparoscopic partial nephrectomies and heminephrectomies for RCC in HSK are infrequently described.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic surgery for renal tumors in patients with horseshoe kidney.
  • To conduct a multicenter retrospective analysis of surgical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • 19 conventional laparoscopic interventions for RCC in HSK were performed between January 2013 and December 2018.
  • Procedures included 1 isthmusectomy, 5 partial nephrectomies, and 13 heminefrectomies.
  • 16 isthmus divisions were also performed in 15 patients.

Main Results:

  • No conversions to open surgery, mortality, or Clavien grade 3+ complications occurred.
  • Warm ischemia time for partial nephrectomy was under 19 minutes.
  • Follow-up at 6 months showed no disease recurrence or progression.

Conclusions:

  • While limited by small numbers, this study represents the largest reported laparoscopic experience for RCC in HSK.
  • Conventional laparoscopic techniques appear effective and safe for treating RCC in HSK.
  • Further multicenter studies are needed for definitive statistical analysis.