Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sign Test for Matched Pairs01:17

Sign Test for Matched Pairs

392
The sign test for matched pairs offers a robust method for comparing two paired samples, often for the effects of an intervention in one of them. This method is very useful in situations where the underlying distribution of the data is unknown. The test compares two related samples—often pre- and post-treatment measurements on the same subjects—to determine if there are significant differences in their median values.
To conduct the sign test, we first calculate the differences in...
392
Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Matched Pairs01:09

Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Matched Pairs

489
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs evaluates the null hypothesis by combining the ranks of differences with their signs. It essentially tests whether the median of the differences in a population of matched pairs is zero. Since the test incorporates more information than the sign test, it generally yields more trustable conclusions. This test also does not require the data to follow a normal distribution, but two conditions must be met for it to be applicable: (1) the data must...
489
Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

22.3K
According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
22.3K
General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

35.5K
Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
35.5K
Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

37.0K
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
37.0K
Enthalpy of Solution02:39

Enthalpy of Solution

30.2K
There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
30.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Frequency and intensity noise of a grating-tuned external-cavity quantum cascade laser.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Continuously tunable coherent pulse generation in a semiconductor laser.

Nature·2026
Same author

Broadband comb spectroscopy through spectral envelope shaping.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Metasurface-enhanced mid-infrared imaging spectroscopy with broadband quantum cascade lasers.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Bridging Mid- and Near-Infrared by Combining Optomechanics and Self-Mixing.

ACS photonics·2026
Same author

Gate-Tunable Single Terahertz Meta-Atom Ultrastrong Light-Matter Coupling.

ACS photonics·2026
Same journal

Denoising algorithm of Φ-OTDR systems based on adaptive fractional wavelet transform denoising.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Millisecond photon-to-photon latency and high-speed volumetric projection system for optogenetics.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Polarization-encoded coaxial structured light for high-precision 3D surface profilometry.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Discrete freeform optical design based on collaborative optimization of point cloud and local normals.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Ultrafast ghost imaging with 25 GHz speckle switching and wavelength-division multiplexing.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Atomic vapor cells fabricated by femtosecond laser welding of standard-optical-quality glass.

Optics express·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Fabrication of Refractive-index-matched Devices for Biomedical Microfluidics
09:54

Fabrication of Refractive-index-matched Devices for Biomedical Microfluidics

Published on: September 10, 2018

8.0K

Terahertz refractive index matching solution.

Elena Mavrona, Felice Appugliese, Johan Andberger

    Optics Express
    |June 6, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed TeraSol, a barium titanate and benzocyclobutene solution, to match refractive indices for terahertz measurements. This material significantly reduces substrate reflections, improving data accuracy.

    More Related Videos

    Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor
    07:28

    Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

    Published on: August 30, 2012

    11.1K
    Terahertz Imaging and Characterization Protocol for Freshly Excised Breast Cancer Tumors
    08:56

    Terahertz Imaging and Characterization Protocol for Freshly Excised Breast Cancer Tumors

    Published on: April 5, 2020

    11.5K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

    Fabrication of Refractive-index-matched Devices for Biomedical Microfluidics
    09:54

    Fabrication of Refractive-index-matched Devices for Biomedical Microfluidics

    Published on: September 10, 2018

    8.0K
    Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor
    07:28

    Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

    Published on: August 30, 2012

    11.1K
    Terahertz Imaging and Characterization Protocol for Freshly Excised Breast Cancer Tumors
    08:56

    Terahertz Imaging and Characterization Protocol for Freshly Excised Breast Cancer Tumors

    Published on: April 5, 2020

    11.5K

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optics and Photonics
    • Terahertz Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Substrate reflections impede accurate terahertz (THz) measurements.
    • Developing materials with tunable refractive indices is crucial for THz applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To fabricate and characterize a novel refractive index matching solution for THz applications.
    • To optimize the solution for matching common THz substrate refractive indices.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a solution using barium titanate (BaTiO3) particles and benzocyclobutene (BCB).
    • Application of the effective medium approximation to determine particle concentrations for target refractive indices.
    • Characterization of the solution's performance in THz time domain spectroscopy at various temperatures.

    Main Results:

    • A terahertz refractive index matching solution (TeraSol) was successfully developed.
    • The effective refractive index was tunable from n = 1.8 to n = 5 by adjusting BaTiO3 concentration.
    • Significant reduction in substrate reflections was observed during THz measurements.

    Conclusions:

    • TeraSol effectively matches the refractive indices of common THz substrates.
    • The developed solution minimizes unwanted reflections, enhancing measurement precision.
    • TeraSol shows promise as an anti-reflective coating for THz spectroscopy.