Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Control Volume and System Representations01:16

Control Volume and System Representations

1.5K
Two key frameworks are employed to analyze mass, energy, and momentum transfer: the control volume approach and the system approach. These frameworks offer different perspectives, depending on whether the focus is on a specific region in space (control volume approach) or a defined mass of fluid (system approach).
The control volume approach considers a stationary region in space through which fluid flows. This region is bounded by a control surface.  For instance, in the case of water...
1.5K
State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

541
The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
541
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

546
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
546
Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

3.3K
Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V)...
3.3K
Korotkoff Sounds01:12

Korotkoff Sounds

7.8K
Korotkoff sounds are the specific sounds heard while measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer, typically with a stethoscope or a Doppler device. They are named after Russian physician Nikolai Korotkov, who first described them in 1905. These sounds correspond to turbulent blood flow in the artery as the blood pressure cuff is gradually released after inflation.
During blood pressure assessment, inflating the cuff 30 millimeters of mercury above the patient's systolic blood pressure...
7.8K
Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

27.0K
In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
27.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

MAPK-driven glioma progression and reprogramming of the tumor-associated immune response.

Neuro-oncology·2026
Same author

Features predicting data exclusion in imaging studies of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

Human intracranial signal stability tracks anatomical accuracy after electrode reimplantation.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same author

Cerebrovascular vulnerability and fibrosis in human brain aneurysms.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same author

Targeted Connectomic Neuromodulation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex To Treat Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Opposing effects of slow and fast theta synchrony on working memory in the human hippocampal-orbitofrontal network.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Large-scale discovery and annotation of substructure patterns in mass spectrometry profiles.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Salmonella SopB suppresses post-transcriptionally regulated cytokine release to reduce early tissue inflammation and delay disease progression.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

A human-specific microRNA controls the timing of excitatory synaptogenesis.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

An HMA-like integrated domain in the wheat tandem kinase WTK4 recognises an RNase-like pathogen effector.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Learning regularities in noise engages both neural predictive activity and representational changes.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

The H3K4 methyltransferase KMT2D is an essential cofactor for GATA1 at erythroid gene enhancers.

Nature communications·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI
10:50

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Published on: February 19, 2014

12.0K

Speaker-normalized sound representations in the human auditory cortex.

Matthias J Sjerps1,2, Neal P Fox3, Keith Johnson4

  • 1Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, The Netherlands.

Nature Communications
|June 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Listeners adapt to different voices by enhancing auditory contrast, a process crucial for understanding speech. This brain mechanism in the auditory cortex helps extract linguistic meaning from diverse speakers.

More Related Videos

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

12.1K
A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds
10:13

A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds

Published on: November 26, 2012

14.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI
10:50

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Published on: February 19, 2014

12.0K
Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

12.1K
A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds
10:13

A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds

Published on: November 26, 2012

14.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Perception
  • Speech Processing

Background:

  • Acoustic variations in speech differentiate sounds and speakers.
  • Listeners must normalize for speaker variability to retain linguistic information.
  • Auditory contrast enhancement is a proposed mechanism for speaker normalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural basis of speaker normalization in the human auditory cortex.
  • To determine if auditory contrast enhancement plays a role in processing speaker-specific acoustic cues.

Main Methods:

  • Intracranial electrocorticography (ECoG) in human participants.
  • Participants identified speech sounds preceded by phrases from speakers with varying vocal characteristics.
  • Analysis of neural responses in the auditory cortex correlated with perceptual judgments.

Main Results:

  • Speaker-dependent neural responses were observed in the auditory cortex.
  • These neural responses aligned with behavioral perception and supported a contrast enhancement model.
  • Evidence for context-dependent processing influencing speech sound perception was found.

Conclusions:

  • Auditory cortex exhibits neural mechanisms supporting speaker normalization.
  • Auditory contrast enhancement is a key feature enabling listeners to extract linguistic content from diverse voices.
  • This study provides direct neural evidence for how the brain adapts to speaker variability.