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Contemporary approaches to visual prostheses.

Rebecca M Mirochnik1,2, John S Pezaris3,4

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Summary
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Visual prostheses use electrode arrays to restore vision in acquired blindness by stimulating remaining visual pathways. Several retinal devices are approved, with cortical and lateral geniculate nucleus approaches advancing.

Keywords:
Artificial visionBlindnessVisual prosthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Acquired blindness results from various causes like retinal diseases (RP, glaucoma, AMD) or trauma.
  • Despite vision loss, the visual pathway often remains functional, allowing for prosthetic intervention.
  • Visual prostheses aim to restore sight by electrically stimulating neural structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current approaches in visual prostheses for acquired blindness.
  • To assess the state-of-the-art, advantages, and disadvantages of different visual prosthesis technologies.
  • To evaluate the progress and future prospects of device-based vision restoration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical data on visual prostheses.
  • Categorization of devices based on stimulation site: retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex.
  • Analysis of device approval status, invasiveness, and current research stages.

Main Results:

  • Retinal prostheses have three approved devices, with two more in clinical testing.
  • Lateral geniculate nucleus prostheses are in the pre-clinical stage.
  • Cortical prostheses have three devices in clinical testing, despite extensive research history.

Conclusions:

  • Remarkable progress in visual prostheses driven by microelectronics and biocompatibility.
  • Approved retinal devices offer hope for widespread treatment of acquired blindness.
  • Despite limitations in current visual acuity, prospects for device-based vision restoration are promising.