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Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

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Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition
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Correction: Disentangling semantic and response learning effects in color-word contingency learning.

Sebastian Geukes, Dirk Vorberg, Pienie Zwitserlood

    Plos One
    |June 7, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study corrects a previous article DOI. The corrected DOI is 10.1371/journal.pone.0212714.

    Area of Science:

    • Scientific publishing
    • Digital Object Identifier (DOI) systems

    Context:

    • Correction of article metadata
    • Ensuring accurate citation and retrieval of scientific literature

    Purpose:

    • To provide the correct Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for a specific scientific article
    • To rectify an error in the previously published article information

    Summary:

    • The article DOI previously listed as 10.1371/journal.pone.0212714 has been corrected.
    • This correction ensures proper referencing and access to the research.

    Impact:

    • Improved accuracy in scientific record-keeping
    • Facilitates seamless access to the corrected article for researchers and readers

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  • Upholds the integrity of scientific publications