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Design Consideration01:22

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Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
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Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
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Mouse Genome Engineering Using Designer Nucleases
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Engineering and design considerations for next-generation snakebite antivenoms.

Cecilie Knudsen1, Line Ledsgaard1, Rasmus Ibsen Dehli1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
|June 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Next-generation antivenoms offer improved safety, efficacy, and affordability for treating snakebite envenoming, a neglected tropical disease. Innovations in antibody discovery and protein engineering are key to developing these advanced treatments.

Keywords:
Antivenom developmentAntivenom manufactureMonoclonal antibodiesNext-generation antivenomsRecombinant antivenomsSmall molecule toxin inhibitorsSnakebite envenomingToxin-neutralization

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Area of Science:

  • * Tropical Medicine
  • * Biotechnology
  • * Drug Discovery

Background:

  • * Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease with limited treatment innovation since 1894.
  • * Current antivenoms, while life-saving, have drawbacks in availability, safety, and efficacy.
  • * Significant advancements in antibody discovery and protein engineering are emerging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review engineering and design considerations for developing next-generation antivenoms.
  • * To explore methodologies for enhancing antivenom safety, efficacy, and affordability.
  • * To discuss various treatment modalities and their associated challenges.

Main Methods:

  • * Review of novel methodologies: antibody discovery technologies, high-throughput drug discovery, protein engineering.
  • * Analysis of treatment modalities considering immunogenicity and preclinical efficacy.
  • * Evaluation of discovery methods, economic viability, and regulatory pathways.

Main Results:

  • * Emerging technologies enable the development of improved antivenoms.
  • * Considerations for preclinical assessment and production schemes are crucial.
  • * A multi-faceted approach is needed to overcome current limitations.

Conclusions:

  • * Next-generation antivenoms hold promise for overcoming the limitations of current treatments.
  • * Engineering and design innovations are critical for advancing snakebite envenoming therapy.
  • * Addressing safety, efficacy, affordability, and regulatory aspects is essential for successful development.