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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
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DNA Sequence Recognition by DNA Primase Using High-Throughput Primase Profiling
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DNA sequencing in high-throughput neuroanatomy.

Justus M Kebschull1

  • 1Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.

Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy
|June 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary

DNA sequencing rapidly maps brain connectivity at single-cell resolution, overcoming limitations of traditional microscopy. This approach enables large-scale neuroanatomy and future synaptic mapping in complex brains.

Keywords:
BARseqDNA sequencingMAPseqRosetta brainbarcodesconnectivityin situ sequencingmesoscale connectivityprojection mappingtracing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genomics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Understanding brain structure necessitates mapping neural connections at single-cell resolution.
  • Traditional microscopy methods for mapping brain connectivity are labor-intensive and lack scalability for complex mammalian brains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in sequencing-based neuroanatomy.
  • To discuss future directions for synaptic connectivity mapping and comparative connectomics.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging DNA sequencing for high-speed, parallelized mapping of single-neuron projections.
  • Applying sequencing techniques to map cortical mesoscale connectivity in mice.

Main Results:

  • Successfully mapped projections of thousands of single neurons in single experiments.
  • Enabled scalable mapping of cortical mesoscale connectivity.

Conclusions:

  • Sequencing-based neuroanatomy offers a scalable solution for mapping complex brain connectivity.
  • Future research directions include synaptic-level mapping and comparative connectomics using sequencing technologies.