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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease
Published on: May 27, 2022
Power estimations for non-primary outcomes in randomised clinical trials
Janus Christian Jakobsen1,2, Christian Ovesen3, Per Winkel1
1Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Objective And Methods:
It is rare that trialists report power estimations of non-primary outcomes. In the present article, we will describe how to define a valid hierarchy of outcomes in a randomised clinical trial, to limit problems with Type I and Type II errors, using considerations on the clinical relevance of the outcomes and power estimations.
Conclusion:
Power estimations of non-primary outcomes may guide trialists in classifying non-primary outcomes as secondary or exploratory. The power estimations are simple and if they are used systematically, more appropriate outcome hierarchies can be defined, and trial results will become more interpretable.
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