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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

Review and Preview

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Review and Preview01:13

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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality01:30

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Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
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Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography
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Microneedle Coating Methods: A Review with a Perspective.

Rohan S J Ingrole1, Harvinder Singh Gill2

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

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|June 9, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coated microneedles offer efficient drug delivery with precise dosage control. Research is advancing to bring these innovative microneedle products to market for various biomedical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Pharmaceutics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Coated microneedle arrays are emerging as a promising technology for transdermal drug delivery.
  • These arrays feature micrometer-sized needle shafts coated with various active materials, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses.
  • Current research focuses on optimizing coating methods for enhanced drug delivery efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and applications of coated microneedle arrays for drug delivery.
  • To discuss methods for achieving selective microneedle shaft coating for improved dosage control and efficiency.
  • To highlight factors influencing the suitability of coated microneedles for novel drug delivery applications.

Main Methods:

  • Development of various coating techniques for microneedle arrays.
  • Utilizing excipients to modulate coating liquid properties (viscosity, surface tension) for uniform coatings.
  • Summarizing active materials and dosages applied to microneedles in a comparative table.

Main Results:

  • Selective coating of microneedle shafts offers advantages in drug dosage control, waste reduction, and delivery efficiency.
  • A wide range of active materials have been successfully coated onto microneedles for diverse biomedical applications.
  • Numerous coated microneedle formulations have progressed to human clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Selective coating techniques are crucial for maximizing the therapeutic potential of microneedle drug delivery systems.
  • Coated microneedles represent a significant advancement in drug delivery, with strong commercialization potential.
  • Continued research and clinical trials are paving the way for the market introduction of coated microneedle products.