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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Primary Distribution01:28

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Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Primary Stabbing Headache.

Danielle Murray1, Esma Dilli2

  • 1Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, 8219-2775, Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|June 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary stabbing headache (PSH) is better identified with updated criteria, with prevalence influenced by demographics and comorbidities. Indomethacin remains a key treatment for severe PSH attacks.

Keywords:
Ice pick headacheIdiopathic stabbing headacheJabs and jolts headachePrimary stabbing headacheSharp short-lived head pain

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Headache Medicine

Background:

  • Primary stabbing headache (PSH) is characterized by brief, sharp, localized pain.
  • The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3) criteria have been revised for PSH diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive literature review on primary stabbing headache.
  • To update understanding of PSH diagnosis, prevalence, and management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on primary stabbing headache.
  • Analysis of ICHD-3 criteria changes and their impact on PSH diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Updated ICHD-3 criteria enhance sensitivity for PSH detection, expanding beyond the trigeminal nerve's first division.
  • Factors like age, gender, and migraine comorbidity influence PSH prevalence.
  • Proposed subclassification into monophasic, intermittent, and chronic forms may aid prognostication.
  • Neuroimaging is recommended to rule out secondary causes of stabbing headaches.
  • Indomethacin is the first-line treatment for severe, frequent PSH attacks; COX2 inhibitors and melatonin are alternative options.

Conclusions:

  • Revised diagnostic criteria improve PSH identification.
  • Understanding influencing factors and potential subclassification is crucial for PSH management.
  • Appropriate treatment strategies, including indomethacin, are essential for PSH relief.