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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Efficient Derivation of Human Neuronal Progenitors and Neurons from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction
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Embryonic Chimeras with Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Alejandro De Los Angeles1, Masahiro Sakurai2, Jun Wu3,4

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. alejandro.delosangeles@yale.edu.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|June 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study details methods for cultivating and characterizing pluripotent stem (PS) cells from various primates, including humans. These advancements enhance regenerative medicine and disease modeling by improving PS cell stability and enabling interspecies chimera generation for xenotransplantation research.

Keywords:
5iLAFEmbryonic stem cellExtended pluripotent stem cellsFGFGSK3Human pluripotent stem cellsInduced pluripotent stem cellInterspecies chimerasKLF2KLF4LCDMLIN28LMYCMonkey pluripotent stem cellsNANOGNaïve-like pluripotent stem cellsNonhuman primatesOCT4Pluripotent stem cellsPrimate pluripotent stem cellsPrimatesPrimed pluripotent stem cellsRegion-selectiveReprogrammingSOX2TNKS1/2TankyraseWNTp53t2iL

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Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Comparative Biology

Background:

  • Human pluripotent stem (PS) cells hold immense potential for regenerative medicine due to their ability to differentiate into all adult cell types.
  • Nonhuman primate (NHP) PS cells serve as crucial models for human biology, disease research, and therapeutic development.
  • Cultivating and maintaining stable primate PS cell lines is essential for advancing these fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe optimized methods for cultivating and characterizing pluripotent stem cells from various primate species, including humans.
  • To present techniques for generating diverse PS cell types, such as primed, naïve-like, and extended pluripotent stem (EPS) cells.
  • To outline strategies for creating interspecies primate-mouse chimeras to assess chimeric competency and facilitate xenotransplantation research.

Main Methods:

  • Adjusted cultivation methods using E8 medium and kinase inhibitors (Tankyrase, GSK3) to enhance primate PS cell stability.
  • Characterization techniques including immunostaining for pluripotency markers (OCT4, TRA-1-60) and in vivo teratoma formation assays.
  • Derivation of alternative PS cell types via acclimation, episomal reprogramming, and gene overexpression (KLF2, NANOG), alongside human blastocyst isolation and interspecies chimera generation.

Main Results:

  • Supplementation of culture media with specific inhibitors significantly reduces spontaneous differentiation in primate PS cell lines.
  • Established protocols for generating various PS cell states (primed, naïve-like, EPS) and isolating human PS cells from blastocysts.
  • Successful generation of interspecies primate-mouse chimeras at blastocyst and postimplantation stages, providing a platform for evaluating chimeric competency.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized methods enable stable cultivation and characterization of diverse primate pluripotent stem cells, crucial for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
  • The development of alternative PS cell types and interspecies chimera models advances the potential for xenotransplantation and organogenesis research.
  • Systematic evaluation of chimeric competency is key to overcoming species barriers and enabling human cell engraftment in large animals.