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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Development of Compendium for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Published on: April 12, 2024
Effectiveness of Image-guided Brachytherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Shang-Wen Chen1,2,3, Ji-An Liang4,2, Yao-Ching Hung2,5
1Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. vincent1680616@yahoo.com.tw.
Aim:
To compare the advantage of image-guided brachytherapy (IGBT) over conventional two-dimensional brachytherapy (2DBT) in patients with advanced cervical squamous cell carcinoma.
Patients And Methods:
This study included 253 patients with stage IB2-IVA diseases treated with two schemes of brachytherapy. One hundred and thirty-six patients received 2DBT, whereas 117 patients received IGBT. Tumor stage, age, and tumor diameter were matched between the two groups. Local relapse-free survival, overall survival, and cumulative incidences of gastrointestinal and genitourinary complications were compared between the two groups.
Results:
The overall and local relapse-free survival rates were similar between the two groups. The cumulative rate of grade 2 and higher gastrointestinal complication was 21.3% for the 2DBT group, and 8.5% for the IGBT group (p=0.007), whereas that of grade 2 and higher genitourinary injury was 11.8% for the 2DBT group, and 1.7% for the IGBT group (p=0.002).
Conclusion:
In patients with advanced cervical squamous cell carcinoma, IGBT achieves a higher therapeutic ratio compared to 2DBT technique by minimizing the late toxicities.
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.

