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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Human Colonoid Monolayers to Study Interactions Between Pathogens, Commensals, and Host Intestinal Epithelium
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[Research progress of interaction models between intestinal microflora and host cells].

J K Chen1, H H Chen2, X Wang3

  • 1College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.

Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine]
|June 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Intestinal microbes impact human health, with imbalances linked to diseases like obesity. This review explores host-microbe interaction models, offering new techniques for studying gut microorganism functions.

Keywords:
Interaction models between intestinal microflora and host cellsIntestinal epithelial cellsIntestinal microbes

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Intestinal microflora is crucial for human health.
  • Imbalances in gut microbiota are linked to diseases like obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
  • High-throughput sequencing has advanced understanding of intestinal microorganisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review interaction models between intestinal microflora and host cells.
  • To discuss the working principles of these models.
  • To explore the application prospects of host-microbe interaction models.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on host-microbe interaction models.
  • Analysis of the principles behind current interaction models.
  • Discussion of the potential applications and future directions.

Main Results:

  • Host-microbe interaction models are developing due to ethical and cost constraints of in-vivo studies.
  • These models offer a promising avenue for understanding the complex relationship between gut microbes and host cells.
  • Advancements in modeling are crucial for studying the functional roles of intestinal microbes.

Conclusions:

  • Interaction models are essential for advancing research on intestinal microbes and host health.
  • Developing novel techniques and ideas for these models is critical.
  • This review provides insights for future research into gut microorganism functions and their impact on disease.