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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Strain01:19

Thermal Strain

2.8K
Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
2.8K
Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

1.3K
The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
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Measurements of Strain01:27

Measurements of Strain

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Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
2.6K
Strain Energy01:13

Strain Energy

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Strain energy is a fundamental concept in the field of materials science and structural engineering, describing the energy absorbed by a material or structure when it is deformed under load.
Consider a rod that is fixed at one end and subjected to an axial force at the free end. This axial force induces stress within the rod, leading to its elongation. As the axial force increases, so does the elongation of the rod, illustrating a direct relationship between the force applied and the resulting...
936
Stress-Strain Diagram01:10

Stress-Strain Diagram

2.3K
A stress-strain diagram is a crucial tool that graphically displays a material's mechanical characteristics. This diagram is derived from a tensile test performed on a carefully prepared cylindrical specimen. The specimen has two gauge marks inscribed on its central part, and the distance between these marks is known as the gauge length. The cylindrical specimen is placed in a testing machine, which applies an increasing centric load. As this load grows, so does the gauge length. This...
2.3K
Transformation of Plane Strain01:12

Transformation of Plane Strain

498
When analyzing elongated structures like bars subjected to uniformly distributed loads, it is essential to understand the transformation of plane strain when coordinate axes are rotated. This transformation helps to assess how material deformation characteristics vary with orientation, which is crucial in materials science and structural engineering.
Under plane strain conditions, typical for members where one dimension significantly exceeds the others, deformations and resultant strains are...
498

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: PGC Cryopreservation – An Alternative Approach Towards Long-Term Preservation of Drosophila Strains
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Author Spotlight: PGC Cryopreservation – An Alternative Approach Towards Long-Term Preservation of Drosophila Strains

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Cells as strain-cued automata.

Brian N Cox1, Malcolm L Snead2

  • 1Arachne Consulting, Sherman Oaks, CA 91423, USA.

Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
|June 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Living cells act as automata, forming patterns by responding to mechanical strain. This strain-cued behavior, observed in nature and vitro, explains cell movement and network formation.

Keywords:
AmeloblastsAngiogenesisAutomatonDecussationEnamelInnervationKinematicsMigrationMorphogenesisPatterningStrain cueStrain stimulusWaves

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cellular mechanics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Living cells exhibit complex collective behaviors, including pattern formation.
  • Understanding the physical mechanisms driving these behaviors is crucial for developmental biology and disease research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and review evidence for representing living cells as automata responding to mechanical strain.
  • To explore mechanisms of pattern formation driven by cell-cell mechanical interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of natural patterns and in vitro experiments.
  • Computational simulations of cell population dynamics.
  • Analysis of mechanical feedback mechanisms in cell motility.

Main Results:

  • Cells act as strain-cued automata, generating internal forces in response to mechanical stimuli.
  • Three pattern formation mechanisms identified: wavelike behavior, kinematic feedback, and directed migration.
  • Simulations show morphological outcomes depend on migration and strain relaxation velocities.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular automata models provide a framework for understanding collective cell behavior.
  • Mechanical strain is a key information carrier in cell populations.
  • A transition in cell mechanical response occurs at high strain rates, distinguishing animate from inanimate behavior.