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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Econometric Views, often stylized as EViews, is a package that merges statistical analysis with econometric studies. It is designed to provide tools for time series analysis, forecasting, and econometric model simulation. The software originated from MicroTSP software and has evolved significantly since its inception in 1981. The history of EViews is marked by a continuous effort to enhance its computational speed and user interface. It was initially developed for large computing systems but...
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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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The Long View of Language Localization.

Marjorie Perlman Lorch1

  • 1Department of Applied Linguistics and Communication, School of Social Sciences, History and Philosophy, Birkbeck University of London, London, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
|June 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A 19th-century case study by Henry Charlton Bastian illuminated brain language organization. Despite some paradoxical findings, it significantly advanced clinic-pathological reasoning in neurology.

Keywords:
19th centuryHenry Charlton Bastianaphasiabehavioral neurologyclinico-pathological correlationhigher cerebral functionlesion localizationsingle case

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • History of Medicine

Background:

  • 19th-century British neurology relied on single cases for significant evidence.
  • Henry Charlton Bastian extensively documented a patient with aphasic deficits over 18 years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the clinic-pathological reasoning and assumptions used in understanding language organization.
  • To analyze the impact of a single case study on 19th-century neurological thought.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal clinical assessment of behavioral deficits.
  • Application of psychological models of language processing.
  • Correlation of clinical findings with autopsy-confirmed lesion localization.

Main Results:

  • The case provided extensive data on aphasic deficits and clinic-pathological correlations.
  • Autopsy findings partially supported Bastian's predictions but also presented paradoxical results.
  • The case sparked significant medical community discussion on language processing models.

Conclusions:

  • This historical case highlights the complexities and challenges in correlating clinical symptoms with brain lesions for language function localization.
  • Interpretations of the case reveal underlying assumptions in developing models of acquired neurogenic aphasia.
  • The study offers insights into enduring challenges in clinic-pathological correlation methods in neuroscience.