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Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
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Second Skin Enabled by Advanced Electronics.

Jin Young Oh1, Zhenan Bao2

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering Kyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers are developing electronic second skin for seamless human-device interaction. This review covers advancements in stretchable, self-healing materials for smart healthcare and enhanced human senses.

Keywords:
bioelectronicsfunctional devicesmaterials sciencestretchable electronicswearable electronics

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Electronics

Background:

  • Electronic second skin aims to create a natural interface between humans and electronics.
  • Applications include smart healthcare, Internet of Things, and sensory augmentation.
  • Key desired properties include stretchability, self-healing, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in electronic materials for second skin.
  • To summarize advancements in electronic devices designed as second skin.
  • To identify future research directions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications.
  • Analysis of electronic materials development for skin-like properties.
  • Synthesis of progress in electronic device fabrication for wearable applications.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in developing materials with skin-like electronic properties.
  • Various electronic devices are being engineered to mimic the functionality and feel of skin.
  • The field is advancing towards practical applications in healthcare and human augmentation.

Conclusions:

  • Continued research is needed to optimize material properties and device integration.
  • Future directions include enhancing biocompatibility and exploring novel functionalities.
  • Electronic second skin holds great promise for future human-computer interaction and healthcare.