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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Assessing safety in wind-exposed installations is crucial to preventing potential failures. This example explores the calculation and design adjustments needed to mount a circular disc on a building facade, where wind forces are a primary concern. A 4-meter diameter disc was initially designed as an aesthetic feature facing winds at a velocity of 25 meters per second, with an air density of 1.25 kilograms per cubic meter. Given these conditions, the drag force on the disc was determined using...
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It is essential to understand the difference between chiral and achiral interactions and the implications thereof in optical activity and their applications. Just as our feet, which are chiral, interact uniquely with chiral objects, such as a pair of shoes, but identically with achiral socks, enantiomers of a molecule exhibit different properties only when they interact with other chiral media. An example of a significant implication from this facet is the phenomenon known as optical activity,...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration
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Optic Disc Pit Maculopathy: A Review.

Dimitrios Kalogeropoulos1,2, Soon Wai Ch'ng1, Rynn Lee1

  • 1Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.)
|June 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optic disc pit maculopathy, a rare condition causing vision loss, involves fluid buildup in the macula. While pars plana vitrectomy is common, optimal treatment for this congenital anomaly requires further study.

Keywords:
congenital anomaliesoptic disc pitoptic disc pit maculopathysurgical treatmentvitrectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Retinal Diseases
  • Congenital Anomalies

Background:

  • Optic disc pit (ODP) is a rare congenital anomaly.
  • It can lead to maculopathy and progressive visual deterioration.
  • The exact pathogenesis and fluid origin remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential pathogenesis of ODP maculopathy.
  • To summarize diagnostic approaches for ODP maculopathy.
  • To outline current and potential therapeutic strategies for ODP maculopathy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ODP maculopathy.
  • Analysis of diagnostic imaging techniques.
  • Evaluation of surgical interventions and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is the primary surgical treatment.
  • Various adjunct techniques to PPV exist, including inner retinal fenestration and autologous fibrin.
  • Spontaneous resolution is rare; most cases require intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding of ODP maculopathy pathogenesis has improved.
  • Pars plana vitrectomy is the main surgical approach.
  • Further research is needed to establish optimal treatment protocols.