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Related Concept Videos

Tissues01:18

Tissues

84.8K
Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main types of tissue in vertebrates: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
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Tissues01:25

Tissues

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Tissues are a group of cells that share a common embryonic origin. Microscopic observation reveals that the cells in a tissue share morphological features and are arranged in an orderly pattern to perform specific functions. From an evolutionary perspective, tissues appear in more complex organisms. Although there are many types of cells in the human body, they are organized into four broad categories of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Each of these categories is...
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Plant Tissue Culture02:57

Plant Tissue Culture

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Plant tissue culture is widely used in both primary and applied science. Applications range from plant development studies to functional gene studies, crop improvement, commercial micropropagation, virus elimination, and conservation of rare species.
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Plant Cells and Tissues02:01

Plant Cells and Tissues

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Plant tissues are collections of similar cells performing related functions. Different plant tissues will have their own specialized roles and can be combined with other tissues to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stem, and leaves. Two major types of plant tissue include meristematic and permanent tissue.
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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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Cytoskeletal Linker Proteins - Plakins01:09

Cytoskeletal Linker Proteins - Plakins

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Plakins are large proteins with binding domains for microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and membrane-associated protein complexes at cell junctions. Plakin functions are evolutionarily conserved and are primarily involved in organizing the different components of the cytoskeleton by crosslinking them to each other and connecting them to the cell-matrix and cell adhesion complexes. They are also known to interact with signal transducers, serve as scaffolds for signaling...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Cellular Encapsulation in 3D Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering
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Cellular Encapsulation in 3D Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

Published on: October 26, 2009

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Modular, tissue-specific, and biodegradable hydrogel cross-linkers for tissue engineering.

J L Guo1, Y S Kim1, V Y Xie1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.

Science Advances
|June 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a modular hydrogel cross-linker, poly(glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(glycolic acid)-di(but-2-yne-1,4-dithiol) (PdBT), to add tissue-specific cues for enhanced tissue engineering. This innovation improves biomaterial responses for applications like cartilage and bone regeneration.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Synthetic hydrogels are crucial in tissue engineering due to tunable properties.
  • However, they often lack bioactivity and specific tissue cues, limiting biological responses.
  • Introducing specific biochemical cues is essential for advanced tissue regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a modular hydrogel cross-linker for facile incorporation of tissue-specific cues.
  • To create functionalized hydrogels for improved mesenchymal stem cell encapsulation and tissue regeneration.
  • To overcome the bioinert nature of synthetic hydrogels in tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a modular cross-linker: poly(glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(glycolic acid)-di(but-2-yne-1,4-dithiol) (PdBT).
  • Functionalization of PdBT with cartilage- and bone-specific peptides (N-cadherin, bone morphogenetic protein) and chondroitin sulfate.
  • Spontaneous cross-linking of polymers (e.g., poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)) with biofunctionalized PdBT macromers at room temperature.

Main Results:

  • Created cartilage- and bone-specific PdBT macromers.
  • Generated rapidly cross-linking, highly swollen, cytocompatible, and hydrolytically degradable hydrogels.
  • Demonstrated suitability for mesenchymal stem cell encapsulation.

Conclusions:

  • The modular PdBT cross-linker enables simple functionalization with biomolecules.
  • Biofunctionalized hydrogels exhibit favorable properties for tissue engineering applications.
  • This approach holds significant potential for advancing regenerative medicine and tissue repair strategies.