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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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[Heart and thyroid interactions].

Giovanni Corona1, Erica Solaroli1, Gianfranco Tortorici2

  • 1U.O. Endocrinologia, Ospedale Maggiore, Dipartimento Medico, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna.

Giornale Italiano Di Cardiologia (2006)
|June 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid dysfunction significantly impacts cardiovascular risk. Overt conditions increase risk directly and indirectly, while subclinical treatments offer benefits, especially in specific patient groups.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones are essential for cardiovascular (CV) health, influencing cardiac function, hemodynamics, and metabolic homeostasis.
  • Thyroid dysfunction is prevalent and often misunderstood, yet it significantly impacts CV risk.
  • Hormonal imbalances affect glucose, lipid, and coagulation pathways, crucial factors in CV risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and summarize evidence on the association between thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
  • To elucidate the direct and indirect mechanisms through which thyroid dysfunction affects cardiovascular health.
  • To evaluate the role of subclinical thyroid conditions in cardiovascular risk stratification and the benefits of their treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of existing evidence.
  • Analysis of direct and indirect mechanisms of thyroid hormone action on the cardiovascular system.
  • Evaluation of clinical outcomes related to overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are strongly linked to increased CV risk via direct and indirect pathways.
  • Mechanisms include direct effects on myocardial cells and coronary flow, and indirect effects on vascular system, metabolism, and coagulation.
  • The contribution of subclinical thyroid dysfunction to CV risk is less clear, but treatment shows benefits in specific populations.

Conclusions:

  • Overt thyroid dysfunction poses a significant cardiovascular risk.
  • Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is most beneficial for younger individuals with low CV risk.
  • Treatment of subclinical hyperthyroidism offers greater advantages in older patients with comorbidities.