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At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
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The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
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Flexible plasmonic modulators induced by the thermomechanical effect.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanophotonics and Plasmonics
  • Flexible Electronics
  • Optoelectronics

Background:

  • Reconfigurable plasmon-based devices offer dynamic control of electromagnetic waves.
  • Flexible devices with artificial plasmonic nanostructures are promising for advanced functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple, efficient flexible plasmonic modulator.
  • To investigate a novel mechanism for light modulation based on current-induced thermal expansion.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of gold nanostructures on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate.
  • Utilizing current-induced Joule heating to induce local PDMS expansion and alter plasmon resonance.
  • Electromagnetic and thermomechanical co-simulations (finite-difference time-domain and finite-element methods).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a spectral blue-shift of 39 nm in plasmon resonance.
  • Achieved a high modulation depth of up to 30.5%.
  • Observed low power consumption (10.5 mW) due to efficient thermal isolation.

Conclusions:

  • The flexible plasmonic modulator operates via a novel Joule heating-induced mechanism.
  • This technology offers low power consumption and high modulation efficiency.
  • Presents new opportunities for active optical components and integrated circuits.