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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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The Apoplast and Symplast01:46

The Apoplast and Symplast

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Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...
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Surveys02:16

Surveys

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development
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Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development

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The Pluripotency Continuum and Interspecies Chimeras.

Alejandro De Los Angeles1

  • 1Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.

Current Protocols in Stem Cell Biology
|June 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding the pluripotency continuum is crucial for creating human-animal chimeras. This research reviews advances in pluripotent stem cells and interspecies chimera generation for regenerative medicine.

Keywords:
chimerasformative pluripotencyinterspecies chimerasnaive pluripotent stem cellspluripotent stem cellsprimed pluripotent stem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Pluripotency is the ability of stem cells to differentiate into all cell types.
  • Pluripotent stem cells exist in a spectrum of states in vitro.
  • Recent discoveries show pluripotent stem cells can integrate into embryos of other species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the pluripotency continuum.
  • To examine advances facilitating the production of human-animal chimeras.
  • To discuss the implications for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and organ generation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on pluripotency and interspecies chimeras.
  • Analysis of recent discoveries in stem cell biology and developmental potential.
  • Synthesis of information regarding the generation and application of human-animal chimeras.

Main Results:

  • Pluripotency is a dynamic spectrum, not a fixed state.
  • The ability of pluripotent stem cells to form interspecies chimeras is a developing field.
  • Human-animal chimeras hold significant potential for medical advancements.

Conclusions:

  • Further research into the pluripotency continuum is essential for successful human-animal chimera generation.
  • Human chimera-competent pluripotent stem cells are key to advancing regenerative medicine.
  • The development of human-animal chimeras promises breakthroughs in disease modeling and organ transplantation.