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Pressure-Induced Polymorphism of Caprolactam: A Neutron Diffraction Study.

Ian B Hutchison¹, Craig L Bull², William G Marshall²

¹Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK. ian.b.hutchison@gmail.com.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 13, 2019

Summary

High-pressure studies revealed two new solid forms of caprolactam, a nylon-6 precursor. These forms exhibit unique hydrogen bonding and compressibility, and are not recoverable to ambient pressure, with no polymerization observed.

Keywords:

energy frameworks high-pressure neutron diffraction high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction intermolecular interactions phase transitions

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Crystallography
Polymer Chemistry

Background:

Caprolactam is a key monomer for nylon-6 production.
Understanding material behavior under high pressure is crucial for advanced applications.
Previous studies on caprolactam focused on ambient conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the high-pressure phase behavior of caprolactam.
To characterize new solid forms of caprolactam under elevated pressures.
To explore the structural and bonding changes associated with pressure-induced phase transitions.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Neutron powder diffraction.
High-pressure experimental techniques.

Main Results:

Two novel high-pressure solid forms of caprolactam (Form II and Form III) were identified.
Form II is stable between 0.5 GPa and 0.9 GPa; Form III is stable from 0.9 GPa to 5.4 GPa.
High-pressure forms exhibit catemeric hydrogen bonding, distinct from ambient Form I's dimer interactions, influencing compressibility.

Conclusions:

Caprolactam undergoes significant structural rearrangements under high pressure.
Kinetic barriers can lead to phase metastability.
Neither high-pressure form is recoverable to ambient conditions, and no polymerization was observed.