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Basicity of Aliphatic Amines01:21

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

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Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
To measure the basicity of amines, two conventions are generally used. The first defines Kb as the basicity constant for the deprotonation reaction of water by the amine, as presented in Figure 1. Conventionally, lower Kb indicates higher...
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Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems

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Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

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Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
3.4K
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica
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Selective extraction of aliphatic amines by functionalized mesoporous silica-coated solid phase microextraction

Hangzhen Lan1,2, Wenzhong Zhang1, Jan-Henrik Smått3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.

Mikrochimica Acta
|June 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

New mesoporous silica-coated solid phase microextraction (SPME) Arrows efficiently capture low-molecular-weight aliphatic amines (LMWAAs) from complex samples. These enhanced SPME systems show high selectivity for LMWAAs in various matrices.

Keywords:
Atmospheric airFunctionalized mesoporous silica materialGas chromatography-mass spectrometryLow-molecular-weight aliphatic aminesMushroomSelective extractionSolid phase microextraction ArrowUrine

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Low-molecular-weight aliphatic amines (LMWAAs) are important analytes in environmental and biological samples.
  • Analyzing LMWAAs in complex matrices presents challenges due to interfering compounds.
  • Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is a common technique for analyte preconcentration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel mesoporous silica-coated SPME Arrow systems for selective LM WAA extraction.
  • To enhance the selectivity and efficiency of SPME for LM WAA analysis.
  • To evaluate the performance of these new SPME systems in complex sample matrices.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of mesoporous silica materials (MCM-41, SBA-15, KIT-6) with controlled pore sizes.
  • Grafting silica surfaces with titanium hydrogenphosphate to enhance acidity and selectivity.
  • Coating SPME Arrow fibers with functionalized mesoporous silica.
  • Quantification of LMWAAs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Main Results:

  • Silica-coated SPME Arrows significantly increased the extraction of ethylamine, diethylamine (DEA), and triethylamine (TEA) compared to commercial coatings.
  • MCM-41 and MCM-41-TP coated SPME Arrows demonstrated exceptional selectivity for LMWAAs, with high LM WAA/competitor peak area ratios.
  • The developed SPME Arrow systems achieved rapid extraction equilibrium (20-30 min) and provided accurate quantification in mushroom, air, and urine samples.

Conclusions:

  • Mesoporous silica-coated SPME Arrow systems offer a highly selective and efficient method for capturing LMWAAs.
  • The size-exclusion properties and enhanced surface chemistry of functionalized silica contribute to improved analytical performance.
  • These novel SPME systems are promising for the analysis of LMWAAs in diverse and complex sample matrices.