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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Residue-Free Fabrication of van der Waals Heterostructures of Two-Dimensional Materials

Residue-Free Fabrication of van der Waals Heterostructures of Two-Dimensional Materials

Published on: July 18, 2025

Bonding in 2D Donor-Acceptor Heterostructures.

Adam H Woomer, Daniel L Druffel, Jack D Sundberg

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|June 13, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers have discovered a new method to control interlayer distances in 2D materials by stacking electron-donating electrenes with other 2D materials. This creates novel quasi-bonds with tunable properties, enabling advanced material design.

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Preparation of Large-area Vertical 2D Crystal Hetero-structures Through the Sulfurization of Transition Metal Films for Device Fabrication

Preparation of Large-area Vertical 2D Crystal Hetero-structures Through the Sulfurization of Transition Metal Films for Device Fabrication

Published on: November 28, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Controlling atomic distances is crucial for designing new materials.
Precisely managing interlayer distances in stacked 2D materials presents a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of stacking electrenes with other 2D materials for controlling interlayer distances.
To explore the properties and applications of the resulting donor-acceptor heterostructures.

Main Methods:

First-principles calculations were employed to model and analyze the stacking of 2D materials.
The study utilized concepts from molecular orbital theory to understand bonding characteristics.

Main Results:

Stacking electrenes with other 2D materials allows for precise control over interlayer distances, creating quasi-bonds.
These quasi-bonds exhibit intermediate characteristics between van der Waals interactions and chemical bonds, with tunable polarity and strength.
Demonstrated applications include superlubricity, ultralow work functions, and enhanced lithium-ion battery performance.

Conclusions:

Donor-acceptor heterostructures formed by electrenes offer a novel pathway for materials design.
The tunable quasi-bonds represent a new class of interactions with significant technological potential.
These findings open avenues for developing advanced 2D materials with tailored properties.