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Updated: Jan 23, 2026
Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function
Published on: February 4, 2016
Stochastically modulated inter-pulse intervals to increase the efficiency of functional electrical stimulation
E A Aksöz1,2, M A Luder1, M Laubacher1,2
1Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Division of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Rehabilitation and Performance Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland.
Introduction:
Functional electrical stimulation cycling has various health benefits, but the mechanical power output and efficiency are very low compared to volitional muscle activation. Stimulation with variable frequency showed significantly higher power output values in experiments with a knee dynamometer. The aim of the present work was to compare stochastic modulation of inter-pulse interval to constant inter-pulse interval stimulation during functional electrical stimulation cycling.
Methods:
Seventeen able-bodied subjects participated (n = 17). Quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups were stimulated with two activation patterns: P1-constant frequency, P2-stochastic inter-pulse interval. Power output was measured on functional electrical stimulation ergometer.
Results:
Overall, mean power output with the stochastically modulated pattern P2 was lower than with P1 (12.57 ± 3.74 W vs. 11.44 ± 3.81 W, P1 vs. P2, p = 0.022), but no significant differences during the first 30 s and the last 30 s were observed.
Conclusions:
This study showed that stimulation strategies that use randomized modulation of inter-pulse intervals can negatively affect power output generation during functional electrical stimulation cycling. To minimise voluntary contractions, power measurement and assessment should be focused on the periods where only the quadriceps are stimulated.
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