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Stroop-like effects of derived stimulus-stimulus relations.

Baptist Liefooghe¹, Sean Hughes¹, James R Schmidt²

¹Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition

|June 14, 2019

Summary

Derived relations can create automatic effects, like the Stroop effect, when trained with attention. These effects occur at the lexical level, not the semantic level, in reinforcement learning.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Learning and Memory
Human Behavior

Background:

Automaticity in behavior is typically established through consistent reinforcement of specific actions.
Reinforcement learning can also lead to the derivation of novel associations not directly reinforced.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether derived relations, established without direct reinforcement, can induce automatic effects.
To examine the conditions under which derived associations influence cognitive tasks, specifically the Stroop task.

Main Methods:

Participants were trained to derive associations between nonsense words and color words.
These derived associations were then tested using a Stroop task where nonsense words served as distractors.
Attention allocation to distractor words was manipulated during the Stroop task.

Main Results:

Derived color-word associates induced significant Stroop effects, indicating automatic interference.
The Stroop effect was contingent on sufficient attention being allocated to the distractor words.
The observed effect was driven by response conflict, suggesting a lexical-level association.

Conclusions:

Derived associations can indeed lead to automatic processing effects under specific training and attentional conditions.
These effects appear to operate at the lexical level, linking the derived word to its associated color.
Derived associates did not achieve direct access to semantic color representations in this study.