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Stephen Samendinger1, Christopher R Hill1, Norbert L Kerr2

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.

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PubMed
Summary

The Köhler effect, where working with a superior partner boosts performance, was not observed in aerobic exergames. Exercise intensity in interval sessions was linked to enjoyment and self-efficacy, not the presence of a software-generated partner.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Behavioral Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • The Köhler group dynamics paradigm suggests working with a more capable partner increases motivation and performance.
  • Previous research demonstrated this effect in strength-based exergame tasks using a software-generated partner (SGP).
  • However, the impact of the Köhler effect on exercise intensity in aerobic exergames remains unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the motivation to maintain or increase exercise intensity in aerobic exergames.
  • To examine the Köhler effect using a software-generated partner (SGP) in middle-aged adults.
  • To determine if partnered dynamics influence aerobic exercise intensity.

Main Methods:

  • Eighty-five healthy, middle-aged adults participated in a 6-day cycle ergometer protocol.
  • Participants were randomized into three conditions: no partner control, superior SGP (non-teammate), or superior SGP as a teammate.
  • The protocol included alternating continuous and high-intensity interval sessions, allowing participants to adjust power output.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in performance (change in watts from target intensity) were found between the experimental conditions.
  • Performance increases over baseline were observed across all groups.
  • Higher self-efficacy and enjoyment were significantly correlated with increased effort during high-intensity interval sessions.

Conclusions:

  • The Köhler effect was not observed in this aerobic exergame study under the tested conditions.
  • Exercise performance during high-intensity interval training is more strongly associated with individual factors like enjoyment and self-efficacy.
  • Continuous exercise sessions may be less influenced by psychological factors compared to interval formats.