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Early life exposures, neurodevelopmental disorders, and transposable elements.

Hannah E Lapp1, Richard G Hunter1

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Transposable elements (TEs) in the human genome are increasingly linked to brain development and psychiatric disorders. Their regulation is sensitive to environmental factors, especially during early life, influencing susceptibility to illness.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) constitute a significant portion of the human genome, yet their functions remain largely unexplored.
  • Emerging research highlights the role of TEs in brain development, neuroinflammation, and adaptation to environmental stressors.
  • Glucocorticoid receptor activation, for example, has been shown to regulate TEs in the brain following acute stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of transposable element regulation in the human brain.
  • To explore the influence of environmental factors and early life experiences on TE regulation.
  • To examine the association between TEs and stress-related and neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders from a developmental perspective.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on transposable elements, brain development, and psychiatric disorders.
  • Analysis of evidence linking environmental exposures and early life perturbations to TE regulation.
  • Synthesis of findings on the role of TEs in the etiology of stress-related and neurodevelopmental conditions.

Main Results:

  • TE regulation in the brain is stage-specific and highly sensitive to environmental influences.
  • Early life environmental exposures can disrupt normal TE regulation, potentially increasing later-life disorder susceptibility.
  • Dysregulation of various TE classes is associated with stress-related and neurodevelopmental psychiatric illnesses.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable elements represent a significant source of genomic variation and may explain individual differences in susceptibility to psychiatric disorders.
  • Understanding TE regulation in the context of environmental factors and developmental timing is crucial for elucidating the pathophysiology of psychiatric conditions.
  • TEs are promising candidates for further investigation into the genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of psychiatric illness.