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Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Published on: May 22, 2015

Electrical Double Layer of Supported Atomically Thin Materials.

Sun Sang Kwon¹, Jonghyun Choi², Mohammad Heiranian²

¹Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea.

|June 18, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Graphene

Keywords:

2D materials electrical double layer graphene surface energy

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Surface Science

Background:

The electrical double layer (EDL) is crucial for interfacial phenomena.
Understanding EDL formation in atomically thin materials like graphene is key.
Substrate influence on EDL in graphene remains an open question.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how substrate surface energy affects the electrical double layer (EDL) of graphene.
To elucidate the impact of substrate-induced hydrophobicity on graphene's EDL properties.
To explore the implications for graphene-based electronic devices.

Main Methods:

Cyclic voltammetry
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Electrostatic gating in graphene field-effect transistors
Molecular dynamics simulations

Main Results:

Graphene on hydrophobic substrates shows significantly lower EDL capacitance compared to graphite.
Substrate hydrophobicity leads to a disordered EDL structure in graphene.
Graphene field-effect transistors on hydrophobic substrates exhibit reduced or absent gating effects.
Molecular dynamics simulations confirm disrupted water dipole assemblies at the graphene-hydrophobic substrate interface.

Conclusions:

Substrate surface energy directly impacts graphene's electrical double layer (EDL) formation.
Hydrophobic substrates disrupt EDL structure in graphene, leading to anomalous electrochemical behavior.
This finding has implications for the design and performance of graphene-based electronic devices.