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Related Concept Videos

Peroxisomes and Mitochondria01:30

Peroxisomes and Mitochondria

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Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.
The peroxisome is a single membrane-bound cellular organelle that can perform several different functions, including lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification. The enzymes within...
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Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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Cardiac Cycle01:29

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia
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Cilia, mitochondria, and cardiac development.

Bill Chaudhry, Deborah J Henderson

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |June 18, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Mitochondrial dysfunction can cause ciliopathies, leading to congenital diseases like heterotaxy. This study explores the link between cellular energy and cilia function in human development and disease.

    Area of Science:

    • Developmental Biology
    • Cellular Biology
    • Human Genetics

    Background:

    • Motile cilia drive cell movement, while immotile cilia act as receptors, both crucial for embryonic left-right patterning.
    • Ciliary dysfunction is linked to heterotaxy congenital heart disease (CHD) and other human diseases.
    • Mitochondrial function, cellular energetics, mTOR, and autophagy pathways are increasingly connected to ciliary function.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether mitochondrial disturbances can induce ciliopathy.
    • To determine if mitochondrial dysfunction explains certain cases of heterotaxy.
    • To explore novel mechanisms and candidate genes for syndromic human diseases related to cilia and mitochondria.

    Main Methods:

    • The study by Burkhalter et al. in JCI investigates the causal relationship between mitochondrial health and ciliary function.

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  • Utilizing models to assess the impact of mitochondrial disturbances on ciliary structure and function.
  • Analyzing genetic and cellular pathways connecting mitochondrial energetics to ciliogenesis and function.

    • Main Results:

    • Evidence suggests that impaired mitochondrial function can indeed lead to ciliopathies.
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated as a potential cause for specific instances of heterotaxy.
    • The study identifies new molecular links between cellular energy metabolism and ciliary defects.

    Conclusions:

    • Mitochondrial health is critical for proper ciliary function during embryonic development.
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a novel mechanism underlying ciliopathies and heterotaxy.
    • This research opens avenues for understanding and potentially treating syndromic diseases linked to cilia and energy metabolism.