Zinc deficiency and immune function

Deficiency in zinc, an essential trace element, is a frequent human dietary problem in the United States and is also associated with such disease states as alcoholism, renal disease, burns, gastrointestinal tract disorders, and acrodermatitis enteropathica. Skin lesions and poor wound healing are observed in severe forms of the deficiency. However, modest deficits in zinc cause lymphopenia and reduced immune capacity among affected humans. With the mouse used as a model because it has an immune system analogues to that of humans, the effects of zinc deficiency on immune function have been well characterized. A suboptimal intake of zinc causes marked atrophy of the thymus, a 50% reduction in leukocytes, a rise in corticosterone levels, and a 40% to 70% reduction in antibody-mediated, cell-mediated, and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses.