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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy: Getting the Capillary Refill Test Under One's Thumb
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Evaluating sunscreen ultraviolet protection using a polychromatic diffuse reflectance device.

Curtis Cole1, Jay Silverman2, Michael Bonitatibus2

  • 1Sun & Skin Consulting, LLC, New Holland, Pennsylvania.

Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine
|June 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new method simplifies sunscreen testing. This polychromatic hybrid diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (HDRS) approach accurately measures Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and UVA Protection Factor (UVA-PF) using less UV radiation and more affordable equipment.

Keywords:
UV-A protection factor (UVA-PF)diffuse reflectance spectroscopypolychromaticsun protection factor (SPF)sunscreensultraviolet

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Photobiology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and UVA Protection Factor (UVA-PF) are typically measured via in vivo tests involving high ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure.
  • Existing Hybrid Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (HDRS) can estimate these factors but requires expensive, synchronously scanning monochromators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simplified, cost-effective method for determining both SPF and UVA-PF.
  • To reduce the need for high UV radiation exposure in human subjects during testing.

Main Methods:

  • A novel polychromatic HDRS approach was developed using a custom light guide array and photomultiplier detection.
  • The method utilizes the ratio of diffuse reflectance with and without sunscreen (PDRS UVA-PF₀) to adjust in vitro UV spectroscopy scans.
  • This adjusted data is used to calculate SPF and UVA-PF, assessing photostability through UV exposure.

Main Results:

  • The developed polychromatic HDRS method demonstrated excellent correlation with established in vivo SPF and UVA-PF values.
  • Ten different sunscreens were evaluated using this new technique.

Conclusions:

  • The polychromatic HDRS method offers a simpler, faster, and less expensive alternative for SPF and UVA-PF determination.
  • This approach significantly reduces UV radiation exposure for test subjects.