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Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
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Microfluidic Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators
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Cell sorting actuated by a microfluidic inertial vortex.

Robyn H Pritchard1, Alexander A Zhukov, James N Fullerton

  • 1TTP PLC, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire SG8 6EE, UK. samson.rogers@ttp.com.

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|June 19, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vortex-actuated cell sorting (VACS) is a novel microfluidic technique that sorts cells using thermal vapor bubbles. This method achieves high purity and recovery rates for applications in cell therapy and diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Microfluidics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cell sorting is crucial in research but requires higher throughput and sterility.
  • Existing methods face challenges with contamination and processing speed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce vortex-actuated cell sorting (VACS) as a novel cell sorting technique.
  • Demonstrate VACS's efficiency, purity, and potential for high-throughput applications.

Main Methods:

  • Developed VACS utilizing microfluidic vortices generated by thermal vapor bubbles.
  • Validated the technique using in silico simulations, beads, immortal cell lines, and human PBMCs.
  • Assessed sorting purity, recovery rates, and switching speeds.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high-purity and high-recovery cell sorting.
  • Demonstrated input rates up to 10^4 cells/s and switching speeds over 40 kHz.
  • VACS features a small footprint (1 × 0.25 mm) enabling miniaturization and multiplexing.

Conclusions:

  • VACS offers a novel, efficient, and scalable cell sorting mechanism.
  • The technology's design allows for cost-effective, sterile, single-use cartridges.
  • VACS shows promise for advancing cell therapy, liquid biopsy, and phenotypic screening.