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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Co-Culture of Murine Small Intestine Epithelial Organoids with Innate Lymphoid Cells
Published on: March 23, 2022
Programmed Cell Death-1 Receptor (PD-1)-Mediated Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cells
Grace Mallett1, Arian Laurence2, Shoba Amarnath3
1Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. g.mallett2@newcastle.ac.uk.
Abstract:
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a cell surface receptor that dampens adaptive immune responses. PD-1 is activated by the engagement of its ligands PDL-1 or PDL-2. This results in the inhibition of T cell proliferation, differentiation, cytokine secretion, and cytolytic function. Although a great deal is known about PD-1 mediated regulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, its expression and function in innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are yet to be fully deciphered. This review summarizes the role of PD-1 in (1) modulating ILC development, (2) ILC function, and (3) PD-1 signaling in ILC. Finally, we explore how PD-1 based immunotherapies may be beneficial in boosting ILC responses in cancer, infections, and other immune-related disorders.
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