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Does ankle joint flexibility affect underwater kicking efficiency and three-dimensional kinematics?

Hirofumi Shimojo1,2, Rio Nara1, Yasuhiro Baba1

  • 1a Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare , Niigata , Japan.

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|June 21, 2019
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Ankle flexibility is crucial for undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) velocity. Restricting ankle movement with tape reduced swimming speed, indicating that end-effector mobility significantly impacts UUS performance.

Keywords:
Motion capturefootkick frequencylower limbtaping

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Human Locomotion

Background:

  • Ankle flexibility is recognized as a key determinant of swimming velocity in undulatory underwater swimming (UUS).
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the specific impact of ankle restriction on UUS kinematics and propulsive efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of extrinsic ankle restriction on Froude (propelling) efficiency and three-dimensional (3D) kinematics during UUS.
  • To determine the relationship between ankle mobility and swimming velocity in college swimmers.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1 involved 17 college swimmers performing UUS with and without ankle tape, while kicking frequency was controlled. Two-dimensional motion analysis was used.
  • Experiment 2 utilized 3D motion analysis to examine lower limb rotations in a male swimmer under similar conditions.
  • Swimming velocity and Froude efficiency were measured, alongside ankle plantar and forefoot angles.

Main Results:

  • Swimming velocity significantly decreased when ankles were taped (1.33 m/s) compared to normal swimming (1.26 m/s).
  • Froude efficiency remained unaffected by ankle taping (Normal: 0.77, Tape: 0.76).
  • Insufficient forefoot rotation during the downstroke kick was observed with taped ankles, suggesting impaired propulsion.

Conclusions:

  • Ankle restriction negatively impacts UUS velocity, primarily due to altered lower limb kinematics, specifically insufficient forefoot rotation during the propulsive phase.
  • While overall Froude efficiency may not change, the reduced velocity indicates that ankle mobility is a critical factor for effective propulsion in UUS.