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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Development
  • Decision-Making Science
  • Human Perception

Background:

  • Information gathering involves a trade-off between reducing uncertainty and incurring costs.
  • Adults efficiently balance information sampling costs and benefits in visually guided tasks.
  • Understanding the developmental trajectory of this ability in children is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the development of efficient information sampling in children aged 6 to 11 years, adolescents, and adults.
  • To quantify the trade-offs between information sampling costs and benefits in a visual localization task.
  • To compare children's and adults' sampling strategies against an ideal observer model.

Main Methods:

  • A visual localization task was designed with formalized costs and benefits of information sampling.
  • Participants aged 6-11 years, adolescents, and adults completed the task.
  • Performance was analyzed against an ideal observer maximizing expected reward.

Main Results:

  • Information sampling efficiency significantly improved from ages 6-11 years, reaching adult levels in adolescence.
  • Younger children systematically undersampled information and exhibited more variable strategies compared to the ideal observer.
  • Suboptimal decision rules in young children suggest difficulties in computing probabilities and costs.

Conclusions:

  • Efficient information sampling develops substantially during childhood and adolescence.
  • Young children's decision-making may be characterized by a late-developing ability to integrate probabilities and costs.
  • Immaturities in information sampling contribute to suboptimality in child perception, action, and decision-making under risk.