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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

2.0K
Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
2.0K
Aging01:26

Aging

636
Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
636
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

3.4K
Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
3.4K
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

3.4K
The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
3.4K
Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

192
Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
192
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

246
As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
246

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Minimizing Hypoxia in Hippocampal Slices from Adult and Aging Mice
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Minimizing Hypoxia in Hippocampal Slices from Adult and Aging Mice

Published on: July 2, 2020

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Hypoxia and aging.

Eui-Ju Yeo1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea. euiju@gachon.ac.kr.

Experimental & Molecular Medicine
|June 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Hypoxia, or low oxygen, triggers hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) to help cells adapt. This review explores HIF-1α

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Physiology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells depend on oxygen (O2) for survival; insufficient supply causes hypoxia, a metabolic crisis.
  • Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are crucial oxygen-sensing systems that regulate adaptive gene expression.
  • Hypoxia is implicated in cellular functional decline during aging and various diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms governing HIF-1α and its interaction with aging-related signaling proteins.
  • To examine the role of HIF-1α and associated proteins in aging and age-related diseases.
  • To discuss the impact of prenatal and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-induced intermittent hypoxia on disease progression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on molecular mechanisms of HIF-1α regulation.

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  • Analysis of signaling pathways involving sirtuins, AMPK, mTORC1, ULK1, and NF-κB in aging.
  • Review of studies on prenatal hypoxia and OSA-induced intermittent hypoxia.

    • Main Results:

    • HIF-1α and aging-related proteins (sirtuins, AMPK, mTORC1, ULK1, NF-κB) are key regulators of cellular response to hypoxia and aging.
    • Prenatal and chronic intermittent hypoxia (e.g., from OSA) significantly contribute to the severity and progression of diseases, including cancer.
    • Detailed discussion of pathophysiological consequences and clinical manifestations of these hypoxic conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • HIF-1α signaling is a critical nexus between hypoxia, aging, and disease.
    • Understanding these molecular pathways offers insights into therapeutic strategies for aging and related pathologies.
    • Prenatal and OSA-induced hypoxia represent significant environmental factors impacting health and disease outcomes across the lifespan.