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Related Concept Videos

Range00:59

Range

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The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...
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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
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Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

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In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
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Angle of Twist - Elastic Range01:13

Angle of Twist - Elastic Range

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Consider a cylindrical shaft with a length denoted by L and a consistent cross-sectional radius referred to as r. This shaft undergoes a torque at the free end. The highest shearing strain within the shaft is directly proportional to the twist angle and the radial distance from the shaft axis. When the shaft behaves elastically, this shearing strain can be articulated using variables such as the applied torque, radial distance, the polar moment of inertia, and the modulus of rigidity. By...
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Range Rule of Thumb to Interpret Standard Deviation01:13

Range Rule of Thumb to Interpret Standard Deviation

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The range rule of thumb in statistics helps us calculate a dataset's minimum and maximum values with known standard deviation. This rule is based on the concept that 95% of all values in a dataset lie within two standard deviations from the mean.
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Nucleation in confinement generates long-range repulsion between rough calcite surfaces.

Joanna Dziadkowiec1, Bahareh Zareeipolgardani2, Dag Kristian Dysthe3

  • 1The NJORD Centre, Physics of Geological Processes (PGP), Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0371, Norway. joanna.dziadkowiec@fys.uio.no.

Scientific Reports
|June 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Confined water films at mineral interfaces influence rock reactivity. New research shows precipitate formation generates repulsion, impacting material strength.

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Fluid-rock interactions begin at mineral interfaces with thin water films.
  • These films facilitate reactant transport and influence inter-surface forces.
  • The interplay between surface forces and reactivity in confined settings is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feedback between surface forces and reactivity in confined mineral systems.
  • To measure forces between calcite surfaces in various salt solutions under confinement.
  • To understand the role of confined precipitates in altering inter-surface forces.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the surface forces apparatus (SFA) to study confined calcite-fluid interactions.
  • Measured nm-range forces between rough calcite surfaces in NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 solutions.
  • Observed and characterized precipitate formation within the confined space.

Main Results:

  • Observed long-range repulsion not attributable to roughness, damage, or standard repulsion forces.
  • Correlated repulsion with precipitation events occurring at micrometer separations.
  • Identified a submicron, liquid-like precipitate that resisted ripening due to confinement.
  • Noted significant postponement of nucleation in the presence of Mg2+ ions.

Conclusions:

  • Confined precipitate nucleation generates long-range repulsion between mineral surfaces.
  • This repulsion significantly influences the microstructural evolution and macroscopic strength of rocks and materials.
  • Confinement plays a critical role in the behavior and properties of precipitates at mineral interfaces.