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Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:10

Transcription

155.8K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
155.8K
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

82.3K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
82.3K
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

7.7K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
7.7K
Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

10.9K
Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...
10.9K
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

12.6K
Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...
12.6K
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

18.2K
Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
18.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
09:44

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Published on: March 3, 2015

9.9K

Post-Transcriptional Noise Control.

Maike M K Hansen1, Leor S Weinberger1,2,3

  • 1Gladstone|UCSF Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.

Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
|June 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells can control gene expression noise using post-transcriptional mechanisms. This HIV study reveals how switching from high to low noise aids fate decisions, offering insights into developmental bet-hedging.

Keywords:
autoregulationfate selectionnegative feedbacknoise controlpost-transcriptionalsplicingstochastic noise

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Transcriptional bursts amplify gene expression noise, enabling cellular bet-hedging but risking fate instability.
  • Cells may temporally regulate noise levels, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review a post-transcriptional mechanism that attenuates noise in HIV gene expression.
  • To investigate how temporal noise control aids cellular decision-making and fate commitment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of HIV's life cycle and gene expression dynamics.
  • Re-analysis of post-transcriptional negative feedback architectures.
  • Derivation of an assay to detect post-transcriptional regulatory motifs.

Main Results:

  • HIV utilizes transcriptional amplification for probabilistic fate selection early in its life cycle.
  • A post-transcriptional feedback mechanism commits HIV to a specific fate at later times.
  • Post-transcriptional feedback architectures are more efficient noise attenuators than transcriptional autorepression.

Conclusions:

  • Post-transcriptional mechanisms provide efficient temporal control over gene expression noise.
  • Coupling transcriptional and post-transcriptional autoregulation may enable robust developmental bet-hedging.
  • This study proposes an assay for identifying critical post-transcriptional noise-attenuating motifs.