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Related Concept Videos

Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Vision01:24

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Colors and Magnetism03:02

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
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The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Using the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus, in Vision Research
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The Retinal Basis of Vertebrate Color Vision.

T Baden1,2, D Osorio1

  • 1School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, BN1 9QG Brighton, United Kingdom; email: t.baden@sussex.ac.uk, d.osorio@sussex.ac.uk.

Annual Review of Vision Science
|June 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Color vision in vertebrates evolved from ancestral jawless fish with four cone types. Modern research on zebrafish reveals complex retinal circuits that process color information, offering insights into visual system evolution and adaptation.

Keywords:
color visioncone photoreceptorsevolutionopponencyretina

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Comparative vision research

Background:

  • Ancestral jawless fish possessed four spectral cone types, likely utilizing chromatic-opponent retinal circuits.
  • Photoreceptor spectral sensitivity evolution across vertebrate lineages provides insights into ecological adaptations of color vision.
  • Mammalian retinal color processing, particularly the blueON system, is well-understood, but other vertebrates show complex circuitry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the intricate color processing mechanisms in the retinas of non-mammalian vertebrates, specifically focusing on zebrafish.
  • To extend understanding of retinal color circuitry beyond mammals, incorporating new findings from teleost fish and reptiles.
  • To elucidate how diverse spectral responses are established and processed within the retina for color vision.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of spectral responses in retinal cells, including horizontal cells and bipolar cells.
  • Investigating cone-selective connections and synaptic layer formation in the inner retina.
  • Examining the variety of color-opponent channels generated for transmission to the brain via retinal ganglion cells.

Main Results:

  • Horizontal cells in zebrafish retinas exhibit diverse and complex spectral responses, even at the photoreceptor output level.
  • Cone-selective connections to bipolar cells create distinct color-opponent synaptic layers within the inner retina.
  • A wide array of color-opponent channels are established for neural transmission to the brain.

Conclusions:

  • Zebrafish retinas possess rich color circuitry, extending older findings in teleost fish and reptiles.
  • Complex retinal processing, involving horizontal and bipolar cells, underlies sophisticated color vision in vertebrates.
  • Understanding these retinal circuits is crucial for comprehending the evolution and ecological adaptation of vertebrate color vision.