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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Published on: March 20, 2014

Interoception, conditioning, and fear: The panic threesome.

Ilse Van Diest¹

¹Health, Behavior & Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

Psychophysiology

|June 23, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Interoceptive conditioning, a form of associative learning, influences physiological and emotional responses. This review explores its role in panic disorder, focusing on respiratory stimuli and future research directions.

Keywords:

anxiety conditioning interoception psychopathology respiration startle blink

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Neuroscience
Physiology

Background:

Associative learning, specifically Pavlovian conditioning, explains how organisms learn to associate stimuli.
Interoceptive conditioning involves learning associations with internal bodily sensations.
Panic disorder is a condition characterized by sudden episodes of intense fear and physical symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

To review evidence on interoceptive conditioning and its effects on physiological, emotional, and perceptual outcomes.
To explore the relevance of interoceptive conditioning to panic disorder.
To discuss future research directions in interoceptive fear conditioning.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on Pavlovian and interoceptive conditioning.
Analysis of biological and learning models of panic disorder.
Examination of studies using respiratory stimuli in interoceptive fear conditioning.

Main Results:

Interoceptive conditioning can significantly alter physiological, emotional, and perceptual states.
Specific stimuli and responses are identified as relevant for modeling panic disorder learning.
Studies on interoceptive fear conditioning with respiratory stimuli provide valuable insights.

Conclusions:

Interoceptive conditioning is a key mechanism influencing bodily awareness and emotional responses.
Understanding interoceptive conditioning is crucial for developing effective treatments for panic disorder.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of interoceptive fear conditioning.