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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
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Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle01:18

Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle describes the events from one heartbeat to the next. It includes three main phases: diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole, all driven by changes in chamber pressures and the function of heart valves.
Diastole: The Relaxation Phase
During diastole, all four heart chambers relax. The atrioventricular (AV) valves open, and the semilunar valves close. This phase sees the lowest chamber pressures, promoting ventricular filling. Venous blood enters the heart through the...
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Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
Conductor, Semiconductor,...
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control

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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
The design of phase-lead control involves the strategic placement of poles and zeros to balance steady-state error and system...
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Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
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Banding-free balanced SSFP cardiac cine using frequency modulation and phase cycle redundancy.

Anjali Datta1, Dwight G Nishimura1, Corey A Baron1

  • 1Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|June 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a new method for banding-free cardiac cine imaging using balanced SSFP in a single breath-hold. The technique significantly reduces acquisition time and errors, improving diagnostic imaging efficiency.

Keywords:
SSFPbalanced SSFPbandingcinecompressed sensingfrequency modulationphase cycleredundancyregularization

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Balanced Steady-State Free Precession (SSFP) cardiac cine imaging is crucial for diagnosing heart conditions.
  • Traditional SSFP methods can suffer from banding artifacts and require long acquisition times, often necessitating multiple breath-holds.
  • Improving SSFP efficiency and artifact reduction is vital for clinical utility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel banding-free balanced SSFP cardiac cine imaging technique.
  • To achieve cardiac imaging within a single breath-hold period.
  • To eliminate the need for lengthy steady-state stabilization between acquisitions.

Main Methods:

  • A frequency modulation scheme was designed for cardiac SSFP.
  • Highly undersampled acquisitions were reconstructed using model-based reconstruction exploiting temporal and inter-phase cycle redundancy.
  • Performance was evaluated using retrospective and prospective undersampling with and without frequency modulation.

Main Results:

  • The proposed methods enabled balanced SSFP cardiac cine imaging in just 10 heartbeats.
  • Images acquired with frequency modulation were comparable in quality to standard phase cycling.
  • Combined temporal and inter-acquisition similarity constraints reduced errors by approximately 45% compared to temporal constraints alone.

Conclusions:

  • Phase cycling can mitigate banding artifacts in balanced SSFP cardiac cine imaging under off-resonance conditions.
  • The developed techniques allow for artifact-free balanced SSFP acquisitions in a single breath-hold.
  • This advancement enhances the feasibility of SSFP for routine cardiac imaging.