Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...

Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves

Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves

Vertical curves are essential in roadway design because they provide smooth transitions between varying roadway grades. Designing vertical curves involves calculating intermediate elevations and identifying the curve's highest or lowest point, which is essential for optimal roadway performance.Intermediate elevations on a vertical curve are determined using the tangent offset method. This method considers the initial elevation at the start of the curve, the grades, and the curve's geometry. The...

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

tRNA Activation

tRNA Activation

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...

Activation Energy

Activation Energy

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to move forward. The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate of the reaction. However, adding heat to the reaction will increase the rate, since it causes molecules to move faster and increase the likelihood that molecules will collide. The collision and breaking of bonds represents the uphill phase of a reaction and generates the transition state. The transition state is an unstable high-energy state...

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Early development history of Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA).

Medicine·2023

Same author

Treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm with Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA): Development, insights, and impact.

Medicine·2023

Same author

Anterior and temporal transposition of the superior oblique for treatment of exotropia in oculomotor nerve palsy.

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·2022

Same author

Author Response: Letter to the Editor of IOVS From Joseph L. Demer and Robert A. Clark Regarding Joel M. Miller, "EOM Pulleys and Sequelae: A Critical Review".

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2020

Same author

EOM Pulleys and Sequelae: A Critical Review.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2019

Same author

Re: Clark et al.: The globe's eccentric rotational axis: why medial rectus surgery is more potent than lateral rectus surgery (Ophthalmology. 2018;125:1234-1238).

Ophthalmology·2018

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy: A Standard Operating Procedure for the Detection of Demodex Mites at the Eyelid Margin

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy: A Standard Operating Procedure for the Detection of Demodex Mites at the Eyelid Margin

Published on: July 3, 2025

Activating the levator to elevate the eyelid.

Alan B Scott¹, Joel M Miller¹, Talita Cunha Namgalies²

¹The Strabismus Research Foundation, San Francisco, California, USA; Eidactics, San Francisco, California, USA.

Journal of AAPOS : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

|June 24, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that chronically stimulating the levator palpebrae superioris muscle with an implanted electrode can effectively elevate the eyelid in rabbits. The method proved safe and stable for long-term functional eyelid lifting.

More Related Videos

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Published on: April 17, 2019

Author Spotlight: Regenerative Roles of Muscle Proteins at Neuromuscular Junction Post-Nerve Injury

Author Spotlight: Regenerative Roles of Muscle Proteins at Neuromuscular Junction Post-Nerve Injury

Published on: November 1, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy: A Standard Operating Procedure for the Detection of Demodex Mites at the Eyelid Margin

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy: A Standard Operating Procedure for the Detection of Demodex Mites at the Eyelid Margin

Published on: July 3, 2025

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Published on: April 17, 2019

Author Spotlight: Regenerative Roles of Muscle Proteins at Neuromuscular Junction Post-Nerve Injury

Author Spotlight: Regenerative Roles of Muscle Proteins at Neuromuscular Junction Post-Nerve Injury

Published on: November 1, 2024

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Neurosurgery
Ophthalmology

Background:

Ptosis, or drooping eyelid, can impair vision and quality of life.
Current treatments for ptosis have limitations.
Novel approaches for functional eyelid elevation are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the feasibility of chronic electrical stimulation of the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle for functional eyelid elevation in an animal model.
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of implanted electrodes for long-term LPS muscle stimulation.

Main Methods:

Five rabbits underwent surgical implantation of bipolar platinum electrodes near the LPS muscle nerve entry point.
Long-term stimulation was delivered using bipolar square-wave pulse trains (0.18-0.80 mA, 200 Hz, 8s on/2s off).
Eyelid elevation, tissue response, and electrode integrity were assessed over an average of 22 weeks.

Main Results:

Mean eyelid elevation of 1.6 mm was achieved with a 0.5 mA stimulus, approaching the pupil diameter.
Stimulation currents below 1.0 mA caused no observable discomfort or tissue damage.
Implanted electrodes demonstrated stability and survivability for up to 29.1 weeks, with no apparent tissue or electrode damage.

Conclusions:

Chronic electrical stimulation of the LPS muscle is a feasible method for achieving functional eyelid elevation.
A simple bipolar electrode system proved effective, safe, and durable for long-term use.
This technique offers a potential new therapeutic approach for managing ptosis.